One of the obvious reasons for most disorders in network service provisioning is network path congestion. Congestion avoidance in today's networks is too costly and sometimes impossible. With the introduction of SDN, centralizing the equipment's control plane has become possible. This paper presents an enhanced method named ESV-DBRA to avoid congestion in multi-tenant SDN networks. At first, ESV-DBRA monitors the traffic load and delay of all network paths for each tenant individually. Then, by merging the parameters obtained from the monitoring, the Service Level Agreements (SLA), and a novel proposed cost function, it calculates the cost of the network paths per tenant. As a result, traffic for each tenant is routed through the path/paths at the lowest possible cost from the tenant's perspective. Next, the bandwidth quotas will be calculated and assigned to the tenants over their optimal routes. Afterward, whenever congestion is likely to occur in a path, ESV-DBRA automatically changes the route or bandwidth of the tenants' traffic related to this path to avoid congestion. Related algorithms are also proposed.Eventually, simulations show that the proposed method effectively increases bandwidth utilization by 10.76%.

Background & Aim: Mixed Poisson and mixed negative binomial distributions have been considered as alternatives for fitting count data with over-dispersion. This study introduces a new discrete distribution which is a weighted version of Poisson-Lindley distribution. Methods & Materials: The weighted distribution is obtained using the negative binomial weight function and can be fitted to count data with over-dispersion. The p. m. f., p. g. f. and simulation procedure of the new weighted distribution, namely weighted negative binomial-Poisson-Lindley (WNBPL), are provided. The maximum likelihood method for parameters estimation is also presented. Results: The WNBPL distribution is fitted to several datasets, related to genetics and compared with the Poison distribution. The goodness of fit test shows that the WNBPL can be a useful tool for modeling genetics datasets. Conclusion: This paper introduces a new weighted Poisson-Lindley distribution which is obtained using negative binomial weight function and can be used for fitting over-dispersed count data. The p. m. f., p. g. f. and simulation procedure are provided for the new weighted distribution, namely the weighted negative binomial-Poisson Lindley (WNBPL) to better inform parents from possible time of occurrence reflux and treatment strategies.

Different types of contact, including contact between node pairs, any-contact of nodes, and contacts of the entire network, are used to characterize social relations in mobile social networks. Different modes of routing, from the point of view of message delivery semantics, encompass unicasting, multicasting, any-casting, and broadcasting. Studies have shown that using probability distribution functions of contact data, which is mainly assumed to be homogeneous for nodes, improves the performance of these networks. However, there exists an important challenge in studies on distributions. A lot of works apply the distribution of one type of contact to other types. Hence in routing applications, it causes to use of the distribution of one type of contact for any mode of routing. This study provides a complete solution to model each type of homogeneous contact data distribution and to use them in different modes of routing. We propose a routing algorithm that uses this new model. Results show that our solution improves the average latency of comparing methods Epidemic, TCCB, and DR about 3.5-times, 30%, and 45%, respectively. It achieves a delivery rate of about 5% and 6%, and average latency about 6% and 8% better than that of DR and TCCB, respectively.

Monitoring and evaluation of transformers are essential to prevent their insulation failure. In this paper, the use of 2-furan-carboxaldehyde (2-FAL) and methanol (MeOH) concentrations as the main products of paper insulation degradation, and insulation condition markers, has been studied. In order to study the degradation process and production of degradation products, the thermal aging process of the transformer insulation system was implemented in laboratory conditions. The results of laboratory studies show that in the early stages of degradation the amount of MeOH is significant compared to 2-FAL. Also, the estimation of the degree of polymerization (DP) in the early stages of degradation (DP>800) through MeOH concentration and with decreasing DP (DP <800) through 2-FAL concentration is closer to the real value. The results of studies performed on 35 distribution transformers confirm the production of significant amounts of MeOH in the early stages of degradation. Also, the estimated DP values for the studied transformers were obtained through 2-FAL and MeOH concentration. The results show that estimating the amount of DP through MeOH concentration is associated with a probability of error of about 9% compared to estimating DP through 2-FAL concentration.

The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the lowest part of the atmosphere and it plays an important role in the assessment of air quality, transport process in the lower troposphere and climate change. The thickness of ABL varies in time and space. The Atmospheric boundary layer over an urban area with complex horizontal topography horizontally can be highly non-homogeneous. Daytime ABL, known as mixed layer (ML) can be affected by sloped surfaces and urban roughness therefore it is assumed to have a complex structure, contrary to what happens over a flat terrain. In a non-homogeneous ML, not only turbulent convection is important, but also advection and venting to the free atmosphere are important. Such advections are mainly caused by the sloped surfaces and valley circulations in mountainous areas as that of the north of Tehran. Convection and advection by mountain forcing in the boundary layer can be important for the air pollution problem and even transport processes around cities as for the Tehran urban area.In this paper the structure of ML over the urban area of Tehran and its surroundings, has been studied using numerical simulations. The simulations have been done with WRF (Weather Research and Forecast) model with four nested, one way grids. The simulations of the finest inner grid with horizontal resolution of 1.33 km and varied vertical grids (typically 70 m near the surface to 600 m in the free atmosphere), with two boundary layer schemes, namely YSU (Yonsei University) and MYJ (Mellor Yamada Janjic) which are non-local and local respectively, are here presented. Radiosonde measurements as well as surface meteorological data at the Mehrabad synoptic station are used to evaluate the performance of the boundary layer schemes. Comparison of surface and boundary layer observations with WRF simulations show that the YSU scheme, which is a nonlocal closure scheme, gives more realistic results. In any case, both schemes gives cooler and more moist boundary layers than observations, as also have been observed in other studies.The ML height over the area varies and depends on surface parameters as surface elevation, 2m temperature and humidity and surface heat fluxes. Potential temperature advection affects the boundary layer height over slopes, especially in summer season.Cold advection of potential temperature caused by the up-slope stream, decreases instability of air near the surface and thus lowers the ABL height. ML height, derived from the simulated potential temperature and moisture profiles over the city, shows a maximum value near the center of the area and a minimum value near the mountain tops.Results also show that in areas where vertical wind speed and moisture have relatively high values, the potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio profiles do not show the same values for boundary layer height. Typical ML heights for the summer and winter days are respectively 2400 and 1200 for the central part of the city. Maximum ML height variations over the area for summer and winter times are about 1700 m and 1000 m respectively. The main determining parameter in ML height spatial variations is surface heat flux for winter, while the thermal advection is more important in summer days.

A mixed order model is proposed for describing thermoluminescence (TL) glow peaks with continuous and uniform distribution of trapping states. It is shown that the presented function reduces to the simple known models at the limiting cases. The function for TL intensity has been introduced in terms of intensity and temperature of the peak maximum. These parameters can easily be estimated from the shape of the glow peak as initial guesstimate for the curve fitting procedure. Considering the direct relation between the parameters entered in the proposed model and the physics of TL phenomenon, it is deduced that it is more appropriate for describing TL peaks with continuous distribution of trapping states.

Due to the importance of Physical Distribution Service Quality (PDSQ) in logistic systems, the purpose of this paper is to design a practical scale for measuring the construct through the perspectives of Iranian convenience store retailers. A mixed method approach was employed for the study; in- depth interviews were first carried out with 16 Iranian experienced retailers who actively had worked in the industry; then content analysis was employed to identify the key underlying factors of PDSQ. Using the cluster sampling technique, 100 respondents from a retailing sector of 4 regions out of 22 regions of Tehran were selected for testing the measurement model and determining the importance and satisfaction level.10 important PDSQ factors through perspective of Iranian convenience retailers were extracted and categorized in three dimensions including: Coordination of distribution agent (3 factors), Ordering condition (3 factors), and Behavioral features of distribution agents (4 factors). IPA diagram was drawn finally.